Most Frequent German Words in Speech and Writing

What German words will you encounter most frequently? The answer depends on whether they are in conversation or in reading material. Its valuable to note what words are the most common, although they may not help you as much as you might think. They include many pronouns, articles, prepositions and common verbs. Those are probably not enough to understand what someone is trying to tell you. Top 30 Most Frequent Words in Spoken German The 30 words ranked here for spoken German are excerpted from the Rangwà ¶rterbuch hochdeutscher Umgangssprache by Hans-Heinrich Wà ¤ngler (N.G. Elwert, Marburg, 1963). The words are ranked by frequency of use in everyday, spoken German. Top 30 Words - Spoken GermanRanked by Frequency of Use inGerman Speaking Vocabulary Rank Word Comment/Link 1 ich I - personal pronoun 2 das the; that (one) neuter - definite article or demonstrative pronoun)More: Nouns and Gender 3 die the f. - definite article 4 ist is - form of to be ( sein) 5 nicht not 6 ja yes 7 du you familiar - See Sie und du 8 der the m. - definite article 9 und and 10 sie she, they 11 so so, thus 12 wir we - personal pronoun 13 was what 14 noch still, yet 15 da there, here; since, because 16 mal times; once - particle 17 mit with - See Dative Prepositions 18 auch also, too 19 in in, into 20 es it - personal pronoun 21 zu to; at; too preposition or adverb 22 aber but - See Coordinating/Subordinating Conjunctions 23 habe / hab (I) have - verbs - forms of haben 24 den the - (form of der or dative plural) See Noun Cases 25 eine a, an fem. indefinite article 26 schon already 27 man one, they 28 doch but, nevertheless, after all particle 29 war was - past tense of to be (sein) 30 dann then Source:  Word Frequencies (TU Wien) A few observations about the Top 30 Spoken German Words: In this list of the top 30 spoken German words, there are no nouns, but lots of pronouns and articles.Prepositions are important in spoken (and reading) German. In the top 30 spoken words, there are three prepositions (all dative or dual): mit, in, and zu.The rank for spoken words can vary greatly from that for reading vocabulary. Examples: ich (spoken 1 / reading 51), ist (4/12), da (15/75), doch (28/69).All the top 30 words are small words. None has more than five letters; most have only two or three! Zipfs Law seems to hold true: There is an inverse relationship between the length of a word and its frequency. The Top 100 German Words Ranked by Frequency in Reading Material The words ranked here are taken from German newspapers, magazines and other online publications in German. A similar ranking for spoken German would be quite different. Although it is based on it, unlike the word frequency compilation from the Università ¤t Leipzig, this edited top 100 list of the most common German words in print eliminates duplicates (dass/daß, der/Der) and considers conjugated verb forms as a single verb (i.e., ist represents all forms of sein, to be) to arrive at the 100 most common German words you should know (for reading). However, most personal pronouns have their various forms listed separately. For example, the first-person singular forms ich, mich, mir are listed as separate words, each with its own rank. Alternative forms of other words (in parentheses) are listed in order of occurrence. The ranking below is based on the University of Leipzig compilation as of 8 Jan. 2001. Top 100 German WordsEdited and Ranked by Frequency of Use inGerman Reading Vocabulary Rank Word Comment/Link 1 der (den, dem, des) the m. - definite article 2 die (der, den) the f. - definite article 3 und and - coordinating conjunction 4 in (im) in, into (in the) 5 von (vom) of, from 6 zu (zum, zur) to; at; too preposition or adverb 7 das (dem, des) the n. - definite article 8 mit with 9 sich himself, itself, yourself 10 auf See Two-Way Prepositions 11 fr See Accusative Prepositions 12 ist (sein, sind, war, sei, etc.) is (to be, are, was, be, etc.) - verbs 13 nicht not 14 ein (eine, einen, einer, einem, eines) a, an - indefinite article 15 als as, than, when 16 auch also, too 17 es it 18 an (am/ans) to, at, by 19 werden (wurde, wird) become, get 20 aus from, out of 21 er he, it - personal pronoun 22 hat (haben, hatte, habe) to have - verbs 23 dass / da that 24 sie she, it; they - personal pronoun 25 nach to, after - dative preposition 26 bei at, by - dative preposition 27 um around, at - accusative preposition 28 noch still, yet 29 wie as, how 30 ber about, over, via - two-way preposition 31 so so, such, thus 32 Sie you (formal) 33 nur only 34 oder or - coordinating conjunction 35 aber but - coordinating conjunction 36 vor (vorm, vors) before, in front of; of - two-way preposition 37 bis by, until - accusative preposition 38 mehr more 39 durch by, through - accusative preposition 40 man one, they - personal pronoun 41 Prozent (das) percent 42 kann (knnen, konnte, etc.) be able, can modal verb 43 gegen against; around - accusative preposition 44 schon already 45 wenn if, when - subordinating conjunctions 46 sein (seine, seinen, etc.) his - possessive pronoun 47 Mark (Euro) Der Euro was put into circulation in Jan. 2002, so Mark (Deutsche Mark, DM) is far less frequent now. 48 ihre/ihr her, their - possessive pronoun 49 dann then 50 unter under, among - two-way prepositions 51 wir we - personal pronoun 52 soll (sollen, sollte, etc.) should, ought to - modal verbs 53 ich Obviously ich (I) would rank higher for spoken German, but it also ranks high in print. 54 Jahr (das, Jahren, Jahres, etc.) year 55 zwei two - See Numbers 56 diese (dieser, dieses, etc.) this, these - dieser-word 57 wieder again (adv.) 58 Uhr Most frequently used as oclock in telling time. 59 will (wollen, willst, etc.) wants (to want, want, etc.) - modal verbs 60 zwischen between - two-way preposition 61 immer always (adv.) 62 Millionen (eine Million) millions (a/one million) - number 63 was what 64 sagte (sagen, sagt) said (past) say, says 65 gibt (es gibt; geben) gives (there is/are; to give) 66 alle all, everyone 67 seit since - dative preposition 68 muss (mssen) must (to have to, must) 69 doch but, nevertheless, after all particle 70 jetzt now - adverb 71 drei three - number 72 neue (neu, neuer, neuen, etc.) new adjective 73 damit with it/that; by that; because of that; so thatda-compound (with preposition) 74 bereits already adverb 75 da since, because (prep.), there, here (adv.) 76 ab off, away; exit (theater); from, starting at - adv./prep. 77 ohne without - accusative preposition 78 sondern but rather 79 selbst myself, himself, etc.; self-; even (if) 80 ersten (erste, erstes, etc.) first - adverb 81 nun now; then; well? 82 etwa about, approximately; for instance (adv.) 83 heute today, nowadays (adv.) 84 weil because - subordinating conjunction 85 ihm to/for him personal pronoun (dative) 86 Menschen (der Mensch) people (human being) 87 Deutschland (das) Germany 88 anderen (andere, anderes, etc.) other(s) 89 rund approximately, about (adv.) 90 ihn him personal pronoun (accusative) 91 Ende (das) end 92 jedoch nevertheless 93 Zeit (die) time 94 uns us, to us personal pronoun (accusative or dative) 95 Stadt (die) city, town 96 geht (gehen, ging, etc.) goes (to go, went, etc.) 97 sehr very 98 hier here 99 ganz entire(ly), complete(ly), whole(ly) 100 Berlin (das) Berlin Source: Projekt Wortschatz - Università ¤t LeipzigStand vom 8. Jan. 2001 A few observations about the Top 100 German Words: In this edited list of the Top 100 German Words, there are only 11 nouns (in ranked order): Prozent, Mark (Euro), Jahr/Jahren, Uhr, Millionen, Mensch/Menschen, Deutschland, Ende, Zeit, Stadt, Berlin. These nouns reflect common news and business content in German-language periodicals.Since several simple past tense forms (Imperfekt, war, wurde, sagte) appear in the top 100, it might be better to introduce the past tense earlier in German instruction/learning. In German reading material, the simple past is used more than in conversation.Zipfs Law seems to hold true: There is an inverse relationship between the length of a word and its frequency. The most frequent words are monosyllabic. The longer the word, the less its used, and vice versa.

Morality and Law in Cyberspace - 1800 Words

Journal of Business Ethics Education 8: 431-434.  © 2011 NeilsonJournals Publishing. Book Review - Cyberethics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace, 4th Edition by Richard Spinello, Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003 Jeffrey A. Roberts Duquesne University, USA In the fourth edition of CyberEthics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace David Spinello continues a long and rich tradition of contribution to the field of ethics education and research. In this most recent edition, Spinello, a management scholar of impressive erudition, manages a clear and thoughtful presentation of ethical, legal, and social issues that arise with the use of the internet. As with previous editions, this fourth edition provides a necessary and welcome update†¦show more content†¦Four broad classes of problems are introduced, the in-depth analysis of which serves as the remaining chapters of the book. These problems are related to free speech, intellectual property, Internet privacy, and Internet security. Relying on the foundation laid in chapter 1, chapter 2 closes by considering differing philosophical approaches for dealing with these problems. Solution approaches are discussed using Lessig’s modalities of regulation. Ultimately, Spinello contends tha t regardless of whether solutions take a bottom-up approach derived from the market or code based approaches or a top-down approach derived from law, the role of ethics is to ensure that basic human values such as autonomy and security are maintained and that â€Å"moral values must be the ultimate regulator of cyberspace† (p. 50). Chapter 3 begins Spinello’s in depth exploration of social problem areas that pose ethical problems in cyberspace. The first problem area addressed is free speech and content controls. Specifically, this chapter focuses on problematic forms of expression all too common in cyberspace. Viz., spam, pornography and hate speech each of which are â€Å"problematic forms of free expression that pose formidable challenges to cyberspace jurisprudence, which seeks to balance individual rights with the public good† (p. 83). Relying again on Lessig’s framework for each of the forms of expression, Spinello carefully covers both regulatorySh ow MoreRelatedDefinitions of Intellectual Property993 Words   |  4 PagesIntellectual Property Definitions of intellectual property, its legal protections, and the impact of the moral justifications that exist in cyberspace Intellectual property defines a wide range of the property created by investors, artistes, authors, and musicians. The law governing intellectual property naturally includes the copyrights, trademarks, and patents law. Its main intention is to motivate the development of art, sciences, and information giving defined rights of property to all the artistesRead MoreCensorship on the Internet Essay908 Words   |  4 Pages1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard for judging materials, and censorship is an abridgment of democratic spirit. Firstly, censorship onRead MoreCyberspace Of Business Ethics Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch serious as well as mundane issues on line. In summary, cyberspace has become an interactive world that many of us have fully integrated into our lives. There is dark side to this phenomenon. 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The disagreement on this issue continues and every person has a different opinion on what would be a satisfying solution to it. Even though I agree that it is not any parent’s desire for his/her children to have access to pornography or other potentially offensive material on the Internet, it is not worth jeopardizing our right to free speech in the name of morality. The truth is we cannot protect our children fromRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Security and Crime in Cyberspace3308 Words   |  13 Pagesthe impact it is having on these standards. These findings will highlight the overall scope of the challenges and the long term effects they are having on stakeholders. Spinello, R. A. (2011). Regulating Internet Privacy. Cyber Ethics - Morality and Law in Cyberspace. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. In chapter 5, Spinello (2011) found that privacy is becoming a major challenge for all different segments of society. 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Management Changes Affects Employee Morale Free Essays

Management Changes Affects Employee Morale As the world changes, many organization may create changes to their company structure in order to remain successful and look good amongst shareholders. These organizational changes may be beneficial for the company overall. However, it may affect the remaining employee’s morale. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Changes Affects Employee Morale or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some organizations changes such as layoffs, reduce work hours, a stagnate in benefits increases and rewards may result in management trying to figure out a way to motivate and gain employees trust and loyalty. Layoffs When an organization experiences a downturn in the economy, they may be force to perform employee layoffs. Organizations such as the Boeing Company  announced in September 2001, that they will be cutting 10,000 jobs which is caused by the U. S. airlines to decrease operational capacity by about 20% due to traffic reductions. Airlines are expected to park older aircraft and defer deliveries of newly built transports as they trim their operational fleets (Smith B. (2001)). The Boeing Company  is an American  multinational  aerospace  and defense corporation that was founded in 1916 and is the largest exporter by value in the United States (Smith B. (2001)). This layoffs will created a shortage of aerospace jobs and has created a tough hiring environment for unemployed workers. Brockner, J. (1992) stated that â€Å"if the layoffs are mismanaged, thereby hampering survivors’ productivity and morale, then the organization stands to lose a sizeable portion of the savings it hoped to achieve by introducing layoffs. Even though employee layoffs may allow organizations to cut jobs and safeguard relationships with the existing employee this can be create a challenge to the remaining employees in that, they may experience excessive stress of increase workload, lack of motivation and they may consider searching for a new place of employment to reduce redundancy. Heathfield, S, M (2010) stated that â€Å"employees experience an increased level of stress relating to both the increased workload and your distrust of management. Depending on how respectfully the layoffs were handled with their organization, this distrust may run deep. This may cause distrust with the employee and the organization. Employees may be less motivated to complete assigned work when coworkers depart from an organization due to layoffs. According to Adler, N. (2008) â€Å"motivation is a passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status a a propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence. † One would suggest that to motivate these individuals could consist of bringing in bake goods to work or have a potluck with existing coworkers. This could motivate the remaining employees to work towards a successful work performance and accomplishing team goals. Searching for a new place of employment to reduce redundancy is common in organizations when layoff occurs. According to Heathfield, S, M (2010) â€Å"Research indicates that many employees polish up their resumes and begin a job search which can help the downsizing survivor feel more in control of their situation. † Employees could be fearful to be unemployed due the many responsibility of life such as child care expenses and bill payments. Child care expenses could include child support payment, food and clothes while bill payments could include mortgage, rent and utilities. Child care expenses and bill payments is essential to one’s life. A decline or shortage in salary for childcare expenses and bill payments and could result in one child or children being uncared for and one could become homeless. Reduce work hours Management changes can include reduction in work hours for employee, early-retirement and furloughs. Pierce, J. L. ; Dunham, R. B. (1992) conduct a research on police officer responses to changes to their work schedule from a rotating eight hour shift to a compacted 12 hour shift which includes personal activities, work schedule attitudes, stress and fatigue and concluded that â€Å"employees was not satisfied with the result†. One would suggest that the organization give the employee ample time to prepare for the individual wages to be reduced in that the employee can be proactive and make changes that can affect them in their personal life. Some of these proactive measures could include speaking with loan officers to refinance personal loan, cut back on dinning expenses or discontinue insurance plans or retirement matching plans. Even though furloughs may temporarily aid organization on reducing pay cuts in staying in business employee may choose not to return to work after being furlough or the employee may consider to ind another place of employment. Organization may offer senior employees early retirement as another method for to reduce operation cost during an economy downturn. Senior management and those who have been working for an organization the longest usually make the highest salaries and have the best benefits package Bradley J, B. ; Demand M. (2011). Early retirement of senior employees may r esult in can result lost of unspoken knowledge over a long run. One would suggest that the organization. Some organizations perform furloughs in economy recession. A furlough is mandatory time off for an employee. For non-exempt employees, the employer doesn’t pay the employee when the employee is not at work. However, exempt employees are required to take a mandatory full workweek off without pay (marylandnonprofit. org). Salary reduction of any kind can also be hardened on the employee where as the individuals may also have to limit expenses in order to afford to pay for regular expenses. Benefits and rewards Benefits reductions and canceling educing reward are other ways for organization to cut back on operation expenses. Benefit reductions are yet another way to cut back on expenses. An employer may have to discontinue some insurance plans, reduce or eliminate retirement plan matches or contributions, or require employees to pay higher co-pays and deductibles on health and/or dental insurance (marylandnonprofit. org). Organizations changes such as layoffs, reduce work hours and a stagnate in benefits increase and rewards affects employee morale in that, employees consider a new place of employment or retire earlier than expected. Employees may also be less motivated to accomplish goal or become stress from work overload as a result from their past co-workers who have left the organization. Mossholder, K. W. , Richardson, H. A. , ; Settoon, R. P. (2011) stated that â€Å"employees are encourages perceiving that developing and maintaining relationships creates a tacit social resource from which to draw when pursuing more complex or ambiguous goals. Relationships among employees will be more lasting than in market pricing climates, for they serve as an asset that has value for both extrinsic and intrinsic reasons. † References Adler, N. (2008). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. (5th ed. ). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Brockner, J. (1992). Managing the effects of layoffs on survivors. California Management Review, 34(2), 9-28. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/ Smith B. (2001). Boeing  cuts delivery estimates, prepares for major  layoffs. Aviation Week and Space Technology, 155(13), 29-p+, 2p. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/ Chatterjee, N. (2009). A study on organizational culture and its effect on employee retention. Journal of Management, 2(2), 147. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/ Pierce, J. L. ; Dunham, R. B. (1992). The 12-hour work day: A 48-hour, eight-day week. Academy of Management Journal, 35(5), 1086-1098. doi: 10. 2307/256542 Michel, A. , Stegmaier, R. , ; Sonntag, K. (2010). I scratch your back – you scratch mine. Do procedural justice and organizational identification matter for employees’ cooperation during change?. Journal of Change management, 10(1), 41-59. doi: 10. 1080/14697010903549432 Mossholder, K. W. , Richardson, H. A. , ; Settoon, R. P. (2011). Human Resources systems and helping in organizations: A relational perspective. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 33-52. doi:10. 5465/AMR. 2011. 55662500 Heathfield, S, M (2010). How to Cope When Coworkers Lose Their  Jobs. Retrieve from http://humanresources. about. com/od/layoffsdownsizing/a/survivors_cope. htm Bradley J, B. ; Demand M. (2011). What Are the Reasons Why Organizations Offer Early Retirement Plans. Retrieve from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/reasons-organizations- offer-early-retirement-plans-110. html Maryland Nonprofit. Retrieve October 25, 2011 from http://www. marylandnonprofits. org/ html/support/documents/Lay-offsinaToughEconomy. pdf Hennigan W. J. (2011). Boeing cutting 900 jobs at Long Beach C-17 plant. Retrieve from How to cite Management Changes Affects Employee Morale, Papers

Challenges Outsourcing Business Function †Myassignmeenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenges Of Outsourcing Business Function? Answer: Introduction Business functions outsourcing has become a key driving force for a number of industries. Growth in Australian economic and business sectors will reach beyond expectations(Mani, 2010). With globalisation impending large number of challenges, businesses for keeping up with competing forces will strive to do whatever they are best. In order to establish core competencies, businesses are devising sustainable and new methods for achieving performance to drive their bottom line. Majority of businesses in Australia has found outsourcing as the key drive to be cost effective. Cost effectiveness, leaner production methods and efficient ways to perform such that businesses can enhance their skills and expertise. While there remain innumerable opportunities with outsourcing, there are certain prominent challenges as well(Banerjee, 2009). The scope of this research discusses prominent opportunities and challenges extended in outsourcing, especially in the telecommunication sector of Australia. The scope of this study is limited to analyzing outsourcing opportunities and challenges of Optus and Telstra, which are giant telecommunication companies in Australia. Company Introduction-Optus Singtel Optus Pty Ltd is second largest telecommunication company in Australia, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of SingTel. Its headquarters is based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and was established in 1981. The Company has several products including fixed telephony, mobile, internet connection, cable television, leased lines, data transmission amongst other products. It employs more than 8,900 employees and earns a net revenue of A$9.02 billion with net income of A$812 million. Company Introduction- Telstra Telstra Corporation is an Australian telecommunication and media company. Established in the year 1975 with headquarters in Telstra corporate Centre Melbourne, Australia. The Company employs approximately 36,450 employees and has operating profits of A$6.12 billion with revenue worth A$28.01 billion. Project Objective In order to attain goals of the study, following project objectives needs to be identified. Project Objective 1: To analyse key reasons for outsourcing of functions Project Objective 2: To understand the key opportunities provided through outsourcing of functions Project Objective 3: To understand the key benefits offered through outsourcing of functions Project Objective 4: To analyse the key challenges faced while outsourcing Project Objective 5: To diagnose favorable locations and key costs in outsourcing Project Scope Project scope defines the relevant areas in which the study will be able to make key impacts. The scope of the project is extremely limited to theoretical study and analysis only(Burdon, 2011). Further for the purpose of this study only two-telecommunication giants has been taken for analysis. Thus, the scope of analysis is also limited and cannot be applied or extended to any other industry. The project scope can only be applied in telecommunication sector and then the study can further be extended, to provide more applicability. Literature Review A literature review allows analysis pertaining to particular literature sources from journals or books that allow insight into the topic(Pai, 2007). While benefits of outsourcing cannot be overemphasised, initially opportunities and then challenges related to outsourcing in Australian telecommunication sector are discussed. Second largest telecommunication giant Optus is expected to make outsourcing pertaining to HR and finance. It has tied up with global tech firms, which has also resulted in numerous job cuts, which is expected to be transferred offshore(www.afr.com, Retrieved on 15th August 2017). The Company cut almost a thousand jobs to cut costs worth $200 million to reshape its business. The Australian Financial Review highlighted that Infosys and Accenture will help benefit Optus towards a sustainable growth, though affecting employees who would lose their jobs. Opportunities with job cuts in Australia and offshoring will be primarily attached to inexpensive labour. Accenture and Infosys based in India have employees with lower cost of living, which is essentially lower than Australia. This cost reduction will directly affect their profitability, allowing business to save on budget(Fisher, 2008). There will be additional perks associated with close time zones, as there will be no need to pay for night shifts. G. D.K. Beverakis (2009), Taking information systems business process outsourcing offshore: The conflict of competition and risk. In the Journal of Global Information Management, page 32 identifies such innumerable benfits of outsouricng along with pertinent risks(Beverakis, 2009). While talent and skills are the key benefits of outsourcing, they often imposes challenges as well. Parent company needs to evaluate potential in host country along with training and development programs. Often outsourced workers are at par skilled or more sk illed comapred to those of Australian counterparts. They preserve key business fucntions adequately by servicingthem well. K. Penter (2009), Offshore Business Process Outsourcing to India: Two Australian SME Case Studies. In Information Systems Outsourcing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg., pages 549 to 561 identifies cases of several Australian SMEs outsourcing to India and other developing countries(Penter, 2009). There has been tremendous surge in outsourcing from Australian companies to Phillipines and India, as there are numerous benefits attached. Phillipines has become a hub for outsourcing of key functionalities as Australians benefit from its time zone as well. SME is order to expand are increasingly considering key startegic partners offshore. Such offshoring has allowed them opportunities to expand as well. Accounting to Mohammad Abdul Razzaque and Chang Chen Sheng, Modernisation of business globally has developed the system of outsourcing functions. This helps to expand busin ess through latest techniques. Many industries use journals, well-known magazines to expand the knowledge for planning, management and so on. Hammer and Champy along with Davenport and Short, published reports research in outsourcing business functions. Functions, which are developed for payroll, customer service, big data via agencies outside or within the country. Outsourcing facilitates business to overcome other activities through expertise (Kohlbacher and Gruenwald). Many books has been published by Oliver Schmidt, according to him, if during working hours business, place suffer home network issues, and work cannot be proceeded further, so here outsource works as leader in their own expertise. He explains that recent companies, depends on outsourcing agreement. Innovations are major principle taken into consideration while outsourcing partners for activities. Business sectors like those that IT uses outsource for employment, software is as discussed by Orrin Klopper. He gave presentation on how IT sector are benefited through outsourcing. Authors and researchers Lacity, Mary C.andSolomon, StanandYan, has pointed and published how with the help of outsourcing business can developed and progress immensely. Researcher actively participates on development and expansion of outsourcing Business functions. Researcher Leslie P gives critical review as outsourcing for softwares, customer service helps to expand business globally. Reasons according to Robert and Gordon why the trend setup to use outsourcing have developed further since last few years are due to changing trend for economy. Companies previously operated all the services through self and working employees. This was the reason, for not use of outsource system. Organisation needs to understand the term outsource. As per them outsource refer to, employees hiring, software installation, manufacturing of goods through contractors and so on. It can be concluded that Outsourcing is an influential business strategy, which can lead to greater success and expansion. Australian company Telstra plans to outsource 170 jobs to India, which is considered to be fastest growing unit for the Company(www.thehindubusinessline.com, Retrieved on 15th August 2017). The Company plans to reorganise internally its operational activities to form five key activities. India office will act as a back office for functioning of the various operations department. This will impact an overall of 30,000 jobs in Australia but the Company Managing Director John Allan did not want to comment on amount of job losses. For Telstra outsourcing will provide more client and market opportunity for the Company. P. K.Ross (2009), New technology and work in the Australian telecommunications sector: What role for technicians?. In Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, pages 45 to 66 views increased opportunities with outsourcing(Ross, 2009). Increased productivity is a quick aspect that Australian companies are easily able to visualise from outsourci ng of their fucntions. Saved income from increased productivity can be diversified into generating more income from other related projects. Outsourcing will allow these companies access to latest technologies as advanced accounting programs that are more efficienct. IT infrastucture that are provided by outsourced firms have impended high levels of impact on these companies which has in turn translated to cost saving, outsourcing and so on. Brown (2007), The Black Books of Outsourcing: How to managem the changes, challenges, and opportunities. Published by John Wiley Sons identifies the challenges associated with outsourcing with companies(Brown, 2007). There are several negatives associated with outsourcing that have translated into allignment isues, cultural issues, delivery related challenges and so on. While outsourcing companies needs to analyse functions that they can outsource as It, accounting, operations, HR related aspects can be outsourced on the other hand companies need to consider keeping marketing and sales in-house. While outsourcing of functions analysis of impact on various business stakeholders needs to be conducted(Chadee, 2009). While outsourcing might directly benefit the Company, on the other hand it might have a negative impact on society at large. Various employees are now averse to working for Optus or Telstra, hence there has been a loss of commitment that has lowered productivity. Cultural g ap is a major issue in companies while offshoring. Succesful offshoring and outsourcing requires improvised communication, investment and successful partnership. Efforts needs to be made for bridging cultural gap amongst outsourced functions and company(Schniederjans, 2015). Critical success factors for the purpose of outsourcing has to be evaluated prior to outsourcing. Magement of adequate quality control measures has to be impended which can evaluate appropriate delivery os desired services. Parent company needs to conduct on-going training such that continued efforts can be made towards delivery of services. Parent company should not view outsourcing as a cost curtelement only, rather it should be identified as an investment endevour(Wreford, 2011). This will allow open lines of communication to understand any gaps or lags in services and then accordingly such gaps can easily be bridged. Cultural divergence in outsourced company needs to be attempted and respected for overcoming of any pertinent issue. Outsourcing of functions needs to necessarily take care of all non-essential items that encompasses non-core activities. It can effectively reduce overhead costs, creating more opportunities for a company to expand and grow its business(Lewin, 2009). Positive impact of outsourcing, can free an organisation from various investments into infrastructure, technology and support processes. This can substantially help reduce capital expenditure. It enables a business to create flexibility for manpower and staffing for managing workforce effectively. There are however certain disadvantages of outsourcing as well that exposes risks of the company, as it might lose confidential data. Loss of crucial information is a key stake in outsourcing of any functionality(Susomrith, 2013). This might lead to management losing control over key business functionalities, thus having no control over outsourced functions. Business leaders llok at outsourcing in a way that enable to drive profitability in bus inesses. There needs to be transformation in attitude and ways outsourcing in current situation is visualised as it might lead to creating an overall business viability and sustenability for the future. It needs to be considerd a separate entity of the business rather than a profit driving machine. Such atribute of the parent company can help a long way to save on current job aspects rather than by just doing away with jobs. with so many stakeholders at bay, it becomes essential for a firm to evaluate the critical resources and analyse long term impacts that any action of a firm can suitably understand. Such in-depth understanding can help generate and create unique business capability. Businesses in this manner will not only be able to overcome challenges but also drive their core business strategies and competencies. Outsourcing needs to be viewed as a startegic partner rather than comparing them with outside untis. Busineses needs to make congruent efforts in bridging and develop ing any startegic partners that they associate with for greater customer satisfaction. With increased customer satisfaction, there can be greater brand value development and brand recognition. All endevours will be later recognised as attitudes for creating long term business impacts. Rather n striving in the short term such long term efects evaluation can render viability and return on investments. Outsourcing company might work with several customers, which makes it have no priority for any particular client. This will eventually lead to delay in processing of information and work. There might also be errors in work accompanied as outsourcing firm caters to a number of customers. In many cases hidden costs arises in case outsourcing terms and conditions are not clearly spelled out(Javalgi, 2009). However, any types of challenges pose needs to be overcome by outsourcing company by integrating in management control, adhering to quality issues, communicating and in estimating risks. Australian companies in order that they can meet global challenges are focussing on doing what they do best. In such endevour to remain competitive and extend core competencies, they are assessing potential outsourcing destinations across developing countries. While such outsourcing continue to offer immense potential opportunity, they are having a multitude of effects on Australia. With rising unempl oyment, rising inflation and lowering income potential, the economy is steadily starting to suffer. As large and global corporations are multiplying their wealth, purchasing power of individuals are gradually declining leading to lowring potential of the economy. Hence, business leader needs to consider effects of outsourcing in a broader light compared to their own advantages. Conclusion Analysis from the above situation and understanding of the Australian telecommunication sector it can be well stated that benefits outweigh challenges. There are tremendous amounts of opportunities that are provided to the host country in case it outsources some of its key functions. However, while outsourcing, the outsourced companys profile needs to be carefully analysed such that appropriate profitability and sustainable business can be established. The parent Company needs to equip and provide adequate training such that outsourced companys services or products are at par with the parent companys designated standards. There need to be frequent evaluation of resources and capabilities at the outsourced company. With appropriate and proper monitoring benefits from outsourcing can be reaped adequately. Reference Lists Banerjee, A. . 2009. International Service Outsourcing: Using offshore analytics to identify determinants of value-added outsourcing. . Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 68-79. Beverakis, G. D.-K. 2009. vTaking information systems business process outsourcing offshore: The conflict of competition and risk. Journal of Global Information Management, 32. Brown, D. . 2007. THE BLACK BOOKS OF OUTSOURCING: HOW TO MANAGE THE CHANGES, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES. John Wiley Sons. Burdon, S. . 2011. Mobilizing for value added partnerships. . 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