Investing in Real Estate in Germany Financial and Labour Forces to Consider

Labor movement

Work developments is a term that alludes to a gathering of working individuals who have met up to battle for better working terms from their bosses. Work developments began as ahead of schedule as the eighteenth century and they were confronted with a ton of obstruction from both the administration and different establishments who were against the thought. A few people share encounters and offer similar interests and therefore they will in general come against different s whose interests are unique in relation to theirs. This prompts individuals with similar thoughts coming and together and battling for their own government assistance thus prompting the making of work developments. Development of work developments even in the good 'ol days was confronted with a few difficulties. The significant prevention to these developments is their absence of capacity to haggle appropriately for the laborers. When a specialists association has been framed its fundamental obligation is to haggle for better terms for its individuals yet this isn't typically a simple errand. In America, there’s a procedure through which a specialists association can haggle with managers for better terms and it’s known as ‘collective bargaining’. For an association to be perceived by the business it must be a chosen one or the business may remember it intentionally. This demonstration requires the business to deal in what is known as ‘good confidence ‘and this obviously ends up being out of line and not well disposed to the worker's guilds since the business isn't feeling the squeeze to consent to the laborers requests however the understanding arrived at must likewise be positive for him.The terms of this procedure are not additionally amicable to laborers as it gives that all specialists including even the individuals who are not individuals from the association must deal through this association and at no time can the business haggle with singular representatives. At whatever point exchanges are occurring and the two gatherings need to go to an understanding, it’s normally a bad dream for the employees’ delegates. This is the situation for the most part when there should be a composed understanding between the workers and the businesses in light of the fact that the businesses deal with no responsibility or eagerness to arrive at an understanding . The businesses take part in a find the stowaway game with the worker's guilds .In many cases they drop gatherings with the representatives associations and at times, they may consent to minor proposition or recommendations that are of little significance to the representatives while offering contemplations to others that are of little significance to the patrons . Another deterrent to the work development is the refusal by managers to offer counterproposals to the recommendations of the associations and they at times think of new ones exactly when it seems like the two gatherings are arriving at an understanding likewise now and again they reclaim on certain plans that had just been settled upon. These kinds of postponements are just expected to baffle the endeavors of the associations and in the end constrain them to abandon their requests. The work laws in numerous nations don't give sufficient limitations or measures to stop these activities by the businesses which can be supposed to be exploitative and in dishonesty. The worker's guilds a few times become dampened because of weight they get from the representatives who are continually viewing it to haggle with the businesses for their benefit. A genuine model is where the association goes to court just for the decision to take too long to even think about passing the judgment and the businesses exploits this by accusing the reluctance or the absence of duty from the association. During these deferrals and different obstacles to the employee’s equity, a portion of the endorsers may stop, become ill, or even bite the dust and this lone serves to debilitate the association. The law is for the most part to fault for all the misfortunes and issues confronting laborers associations in numerous pieces of the world. This shortcoming can be found in situations where the court decides for the representatives in light of the fact that the business isn't requested top compensation any money related fines yet is simply to return to the arranging table with the workers. Generally, lion's share of the cases that are sent by workers to the courts are decided for the businesses and this debilitates new individuals from the joining the association and all that the association gets from such cases is simply acknowledgment. The development of worker's guilds during the nineteenth century The development of associations during this time took an alternate bearing based on what was recently known. Prior to this time, just gifted workers or laborers were permitted to join associations consequently bolting their partners who were not talented out of any specialists association that could voice their complaints. Before this time as well, the majority of the worker's guilds were made up explicit ethnic gatherings and they likewise permitted female representatives to join the association not at all like in the past where females were bolted out of any associations. The old strategies of applying activist like strategies to voice complaints were discarded and the new age of trade guilds grasped the new methodology of utilizing arrangements as a device in battling for their privileges. This didn’t work for since a long time ago soon a while later, there rose the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) which didn’t like the methodology utilized beforehand and it upheld activities like mass activities and strikes to advance the laborers complaints. This new association didn’t separate anybody and it was comprised of laborers (gifted and non talented) and it additionally didn’t segregate individuals on either race or sexual orientation. This new association battled for the right to speak freely for laborers which were not permitted there previously. Later a short time later, there rose NLRA which came into a concurrence with the legislature. The understanding saw the two gatherings concur that, representatives were to advance their grumbles through associations as opposed to taking direct activities. In 1950s worker's guilds turned out to be all the more remarkable and had the option to haggle with enormous organizations through few association authorities and the individuals were informed later after the last subtleties of the understanding had been reached. The laborers ceased from mass activities and grasped this new thought. Anyway, the association could call strikes whenever the businesses demonstrated reluctance to hear them out. Since this association united practically all laborers, the businesses had next to zero specialists to supplant the individuals who were protesting thus they couldn’t break it. As of now, things have changed for the businesses. This change can be ascribed to slack work markets and uncalled for lawful arrangements. Numerous cutting edge organizations don't empower trade guilds and don't fear activities like strikes since they consider them to be chances to recruit substitutions. The progression in innovation has additionally assumed a job in falling of worker's guilds since machines have taken occupations that were recently done by individuals. The best apparatus that the trade guilds have been left with is arrangements. For good outcomes to be understood, the association needs to set up solidarity among its individuals and set up a report that traces its objectives, and a timetable for the moves it intends to make. These are fundamental incase the association is locked in by a potential boss over a work contract. Present day work laws, in contrast to the antiquated ones, separate among required and lenient subjects of bartering. Ultimately, when the provisions of the agreement between the trade guild and the business have been  â finalized, the two gatherings consents to an aggregate dealing arrangement which fills in as the law all through the span of the agreement. References 1. David Green and Lawrence Cromwell (1984) Mutual Aid or Welfare State. Australia's Friendly Societies. 2. Beverly Silver: (2003) Forces of Labor. Laborer's Movements and Globalization since 1870, Cambridge University Press. 3. St. James Press (2003) .Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. St. James Press 4.   John Hinshaw and Paul LeBlanc (2003) U.S. work in the twentieth century: concentrates in Common laborers battles and rebellion. Amherst, NY Humanity Books

Do You Still Need to Manage Your Credit Score as a Senior

Do You Still Need to Manage Your Credit Score as a Senior Do You Still Need to Manage Your Credit Score as a Senior? Do You Still Need to Manage Your Credit Score as a Senior?Pretending like your credit score doesnt matter anymore could seriously tarnish your golden years.Worrying about credit scores is a young person’s game, right? After all, it’s in your twenties to forties when you’re out buying houses and cars, racking up miles on your awesome rewards card, and purchasing thousands of fake followers for your Instagram account. You know, the three basic reasons that people care about their credit …In theory, seniors shouldn’t have to worry about their credit scores. Once they’ve paid off their house, they’re pretty much done borrowing money. And if you don’t need to borrow money, then you don’t need to worry about your credit score. You can kick back, relax, and enjoy all those fake Instagram followers you bought those many decades ago.Unfortunately, things aren’t that simple. Cost of living doesn’t magically plummet when you retire. There are still going to be situations w here you need a good credit score in order to borrow moneyâ€"plus situations where you wouldnt even think a credit score is necessary, but it is! It could even affect your application for assisted living or long-term care.If you’re a senior, you still need to worry about maintaining good credit.4 reasons you’ll need good credit as a senior.It’s easy to survey the golden years ahead of you and assume that everything will be finally a-okayâ€"especially if youve spent the previous decades building up a sizeable nest egg to see you through. And while having more savings on hand is certainly going to help, there are still tons of situations where you might need a good credit score.Tickets and reservations: One of the great things about retirement is that you can finally travel more! Unfortunately, a bad or non-existent credit score could mean paying more for hotel reservations and plane tickets. Plus, not having a credit card means getting a hard credit check if you try to rent a c ar. Seriously, that’s a real thing. Maintaining your credit will help you stretch your travel budget even further.Downsizing: Many seniors decide to move to a smaller home or apartment after they’ve retiredâ€"after all, a house that you bought to raise a family in will often seem way too big once everyone’s grown. But whether you decide to buy or rent, you’ll still need good credit in order to secure that new home. Unless you can buy a home entirely in cash, you have to have good credit.Insurance: While health insurance can become more manageable in retirement due to Medicare, there are other types of insurance that won’t be so simple. Home, renters, and car insurance all take credit scores into account when determining your rates. For seniors living on a fixed income, they want all the savings they can get. Spending more money on homeowners and car insurance doesn’t make any sense.Basic living expenses: When youre a senior without  a sizeable nest egg and are relying on government benefits or another form of fixed income, cost of living can easily outpace your resources. In cases like this, a senior might need to borrow money in order to make ends meet. It’s not a good solution, but it might be the best one they have. Without a good credit score, these seniors might be forced to rely on sketchy no credit check loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advancesâ€"driving themselves even deeper into debt.Now you can see why maintaining a good credit score throughout your golden years is important. Here’s what you can do to make sure your credit stays golden, too.5 ways seniors can maintain good credit.Taking your credit score from bad to good can be a little tricky. It’s not impossible, by any means, but it is going to involve paying down a lot of open debt and keeping to a rigorous payment schedule. If your score is already good,  however, maintaining your good credit is much simpler. Here are five things seniors can do to maintain their credit post-retirement.Check your credit report: You credit score is based off the information in your three credit reports from TransUnion, Experian, and Equifax. You can request one free copy of your report from each of them once a year. Check one report every couple of months to make sure there are aren’t any errors and to prevent someone from stealing your identity. Scammers love targeting seniors, and checking your report regularly will help keep you safe.Keep old accounts open: Paying off a credit card feels great, but that doesn’t mean that you should close the card out. A card that you’ve maintained for years in good standing is dynamite for your creditâ€"as the length of your credit history is one of the five factors used in determining your score. Keep that old account open, and let the good credit vibes keep flowing. You can even request a higher balance, which will look even better. Just be careful that you don’t let those open balances tempt you into overspendi ng.Use your credit cards responsibly: The best way to use credit cards is to never exceed your means. Only put money on your credit card that you already have in your bank account. If you use your card at the grocery store, for instance, make sure you pay that balance off immediately. And even if you do let a few purchases rack up, never exceed 30 percent of your total credit limit. In the meantime, you can rack up those rewards all while keeping your credit score in tip-top shape.Pay your bills on-time: This might seem like it’s obvious, but you know what they say about common sense: It ain’t really that common. Payment history is the number one factor in determining your score, making up 35 percent of the total. This means that paying your bills on time every month is the best thing you can do to maintain good credit. If you already have good credit, this is simply something you’ll want to keep up. If you don’t, well, there’s no time to start like the present.Be very car eful about cosigning: Helping your kids, grandkids, or even a close family friend secure a loan might seem like the least you can do to help them out. However, cosigning a loan or a credit card means that those balances will show up on your credit report, which could tank your overall score. Plus, if the other party defaults on the loan, you’ll be the one who’s on the hook for repaying. Being a cosigner can be a very nice thing to do for someone, but it can wreak havoc on your credit. We aren’t going to tell you not to do it, but it’s something you should avoid if possible.Once you’ve retired, you have to be careful with your money. Otherwise, you could find yourself relying on bad credit loans just to get by. Whether you’re fresh out of college or checking into a senior living community, maintaining your credit score is a major factor in your overall financial health.To learn more about the ways your credit score can affect your everyday life, check out these related po sts and articles from OppLoans:How to Finance a Phone with Bad CreditIs the Credit Blacklist a Real Thing or an Urban Myth?How are Soft Credit Checks Different From Hard Checks?What have you done to maintain your credit score in retirement? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Essays about McDonaldization

McDonaldization concept was first put into application by Henry Ford in his assembly line so as to increase the production of automobiles. This concept was then later applied by George Ritzer to express sociological events in society. The concept is used to refer to the replacement of sensibly consistent rules for traditional or rather irrational rules. In other words McDonaldization is a rationalization process at acute levels. To be more specific, according to George Ritzer it is the process that has led to the principles of fast-food restaurant dominating most sectors of the American society and the entire world at large, (Ritzer, 2010). In application, the process involves breaking of tasks into smaller tasks levels that are then rationalized to find a single method of completing each task efficiently. There are a number of characteristics that can be used to identify the concept of McDonaldization, (Ritzer, 2009). To begin with is the efficiency issue. Efficiency promotes optimum completion of a project due to the rational determination of production mode. Secondly is calculability issue. This involves the assessment of output in terms of quantity rather than quality. The third characteristic is predictability. The production process is well organized which enhances uniformity of output and standardization of outcomes. The fourth and last characteristic of this concept is control. This involves the substitution of human labor with more predictable non-human labor. The concept of McDonaldization can also be applied in other institutions such as in schools, hospitals, and churches, besides fast foods. For example in the case of hospitals, tasks are broken down into different categories which are then assigned to different individuals that have specialized in such tasks. It can be noted that in hospitals we have different departments such as examination, treatment, drug prescription, and also advisory department. All these departments are led by individuals who have specialized in whatever task that is undertaken in those departments, (Ritzer, 2010). Moreover, machines are largely being employed in hospitals at least in all the departments leading to a reduction in human services and increased use of machines. McDonaldization in hospitals has been very beneficial to our society in different ways. For instance, it has reduced the amount of time that patients spend waiting for services, and also improved quality of the services that are given, due to specialization hospital workers in their jobs. This concept has become very popular in our society today. It is being applied in almost all sectors of the economy may it be a service sector or a production sector. Replacements of man-power by machines in most of these sectors have become very common. For example, in most of the production industries the number of employees has greatly decreased while the use of machines has increased (Smart, 1999). McDonaldization concept has impacted the society both positively and negatively. From the positive point of view, it has led to the production of quality goods and services, increased production, and increased quality of life. On the other hand, it has negatively affected the society in the sense that people are losing their jobs due to the application of machines. It has also turned human being into machine like creatures by advocating for the principle of specialization. Finally, there are several ways that individuals and communities at large; can employ to resist McDonaldization. These includes; organizing and attending protests against this concept, educating one another of the side effects of the concept to the society, and training or rather learning to perform or undertake different types of tasks, (Smart, 1999). To conclude with, it should be noted that this concept cannot be disadvantageous in all sectors in the society. Therefore, it should be encouraged in those areas where it is of benefit to the society and discouraged in the areas where it negatively affects the society. References Ritzer, G. (2010). The McDonaldization of Society 6. Washington: Pine Forge Press. Ritzer, G. (2009). McDonaldization: The Reader. Washington: Pine Forge Press. Smart, B. (1999). Resisting McDonaldization. Boston: SAGE.

The Shortcomings of Standardized Testing - 1636 Words

Since the U.S. Congress passed the No Child Left Behind program, standardized testing has become the norm for American schools. Under this system, each child attending a school is required to take a standardized test at specific grade points to assess their level of comprehension. Parents, scholars and all stakeholders involved take part in constant discussions over its effectiveness in evaluating students’ comprehension, teachers’ competency and the effects of the test on the education system. Though these tests were put in place to create equality, experts note that they have created more inequality in the classroom. In efforts to explore this issue further, this essay reviews two articles on standardized testing. This essay reviews the†¦show more content†¦However, this fails to take into account different environments and their influence on the students’ performances. As a result, standardized tests should be specialized to the environment of the lea rners and the educators. According to Ravitch’s article, she changed her mind on the effectiveness of standardized tests four years after advocating for its use in the public education system. The change came after she evaluated its outcome on the American education system. The No Child Left Behind Act was enacted in 2001 to reinforce the statutes of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The act stipulated that all states in the union must formulate assessment methods that would be used to evaluate a student’s understanding of basic concepts. In order for the federal government to allocate budgetary funding to any state for education purposes, the states must assess all students at specific points of their education. Though the act does not necessarily specify a national standard that each state should attain, each state must set in place its own standards. According to Birman, et al., (12) the act increased the federal government’s influence on the curriculum, teachers’ qua lification and funding changes. Birdman et al. assert that the act illuminated the role of educators on the students’ performance. Ravitch seems to share the same sentiments; she states that she never thought the test would be used a measure of teachers’ performance or a tool to closeShow MoreRelatedStandardized Assessment Is The Only Instrument For Measuring Student Learning Outcomes1465 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing has been used in the American higher education platforms to assess student achievement at individual,classroom,instructor,school,region, district,state and national levels.The results obtained from standardized tests have provided all parties with information regarding the direction of education and provide catalysts for improvement.Arguments concerning the merits of standardized assessments as a measure of college and university effectiveness have been around since time immemorialRead MoreEssay about Its Time to End School Inequality1141 Wor ds   |  5 Pages The right to an adequate education is a freedom every American child should have; however, that is not the case. Standardized testing reveals that students living in an economically stable neighborhood are more mentally developed than students living in poverty stricken communities. The problem with the educational system is not schools need to close and children need to be relocated to another one, it is inequality within the educational system continues to widen due to the expansionRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1247 Words   |  5 Pagesaccountability is the cornerstone of the policy. In the name of accountability, standardized tests are administered to students nationwide. The results of these tests are returned to schools, students, and parents for review of which subject areas are being performed below expectations and statewide average. The schools are then expected to use these results to adjust their teaching rigor and methodol ogy to accommodate any shortcomings (Schraw, 2010). With this mentality, the level of student accountabilityRead More Jesus and Socrates Would Have Difficulty Surviving in America’s Public Education System1652 Words   |  7 Pageseducational crises of poor colored people – distinctively, blacks and Latinos. To put it clearly, the crux is K-12 public education in America is nowhere near as good as it should be, and it is predominantly the poor who bear the brunt of educational shortcomings. Chiefly, we ought to acknowledge that structures and functional dilemmas are inseparable, that institutions and values coexist as a dyadic function. â€Å"Minorities are more prone to attend high-poverty schools – that is, public schools where greaterRead MoreWhat Is Causing America s Academic Shortcomings? Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesNevin Johnson Chuck Justin English 21 November 2016 What is Causing America’s Academic Shortcomings? Since the beginning of global standardized testing, American students have been less than impressive. Numerous other countries consistently score higher than students in the United States. While comparing the test scores from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), two major cross-national studies of students’ scholasticRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing And The Education System1529 Words   |  7 PagesHigh Stakes Testing has been overly integrated in the education systems. High-stakes testing are used to determine grade retention, school curriculum, and whether or not students will receive a high school diploma (Myers, 2015). Since the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001, high stakes testing has become the norm and mandating that students must pass a standardized test before moving up in grade. 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Being a teacher requires balancing the two, keeping in mind the duties of a teacher as well as your own shortcomings. â€Å"Good teaching is forever pursuing better teaching; it is always dynamic and in motion, always growing, learning, developing, searching for a better way (Ayers 160).† Tests have always been a quality assessment of learning and ability, but they don’t accuratelyRead MoreThe Use Of Ketamine As A Narcotic Medication Prescribed As An Anesthetic Agent And An Analgesic Essay891 Words   |  4 Pagesintranasal ketamine data (Lee, Della Selva, Liu and Himelhoc h, 2005). One shortcoming can be found in Lee et al. s analysis of meta-analysis s results. The overall effect size for day 1 had an overall standardized mean difference of 1.01, which, based on the lecture we were given the day this assignment was assigned, can be deemed as statistically questionable(dissimilar to what the meta-analysis states). Another shortcoming can be discovered in Price et al. (2014)’s moral limitations. Because theRead MoreProject Classroom Makeover By Cathy Davidson1384 Words   |  6 Pagestoo, playing games with their friends online and, of course, sharing music files online.† (49) In other words, technology is what most children are exposed to and they learn in ways in which only technology can teach them. With little exposure to standardized teaching and learning, a child may expect to learn in a way that is applicable to his or her everyday lifestyle. If children are used to retrieving information through a computer rather than a textbook, then why not make an adjustment that fits

A Manager’s Performance and Success Free Essays

Knowledge about organisational behaviour has become very important to a manager’s performance and success. Therefore, it is not surprising that writers often claim to have the information that managers need if they are to excel in their jobs. In Search of Excellence is one of the most well known books of this type. We will write a custom essay sample on A Manager’s Performance and Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the book, Peters-and Waterman outlined seven principles that they claimed to be excellent management tactics and a â€Å"7-S Framework.† In Search of Excellence is a book dealing with many different principles of economics and what makes big business’ excellent. The first idea that the author discusses is his chart of the 7-S Framework. The graph is very simple but the ideas are fairly complex. In their research, they found that their concepts were too hard to explain and easily forgettable. They made this framework to deal with strategy, structure, style, systems, staff, skills, and shared values. This has 7 S’s and a graphical representation to visualize. This shows the businessman that problems can be managed. For example, anyone assuming that a new manager of a Macdonald†s will perform exactly as the old manager did is ridiculous. The workers must adjust and adapt to the new manager’s way of business. The first principle is a bias for action. This is basically saying â€Å"Stop talking and do something about it.† When Macdonald†s has a rush of customers and their supplies for making food are low, they (usually) don’t say â€Å"You know what, I have no more cheese† or â€Å"Could someone get me some more cheese?† They take action and get the cheese, make it if necessary, and get the problem solved as quickly as possible. The second Principle they deal with is to be close to the customer. This means good service and listening to what the customer has to say. If the producer, Macdonald†s, is not in touch with what the customer wants to eat, then the business will most likely fail. Although it also refers to customer satisfaction; quality food made right and good service, â€Å"Have a nice day and enjoy your meal!† The third basic principle is productivity through people. This deals with the individual as the best means for efficiency improvement rather than capital investment. If Macdonald†s could put everyone in the area of work they most enjoyed (drive-thru, washer,†¦) then they could produce more food and maximize their business. The forth basic principle is hands on, value driven. This is the standard setting and enforcing values in a company. This is keeping the boss in touch with the assembly line worker and projecting the company’s original ideas, instead of an image of some suited businessman who confines himself in an office. The fifth and often obvious principle is to stick to the knitting. The basically says that if a company is in the food business, it should not branch off into the computer business unless they have no where else to expand in the industry they are already in. The sixth basic principle is a simple form, lean staff. This means leaving few people up top to manage a company and keep the form of management simple. The seventh and final basic principle is simultaneous loose-tight properties. This is another value-based principle. This could be described as the ability for a worker of Macdonald†s to do his/her job in his/her own way as they incorporate the company’s values and concepts into their work. These values demonstrate that they don’t just work because they work, but rather because they just make sense. In search of excellence shows that the excellent companies had been based on the basics. The companies had to try to keep things simple. Sometimes, to a big business, it might seem logical that business should be run more complex the larger it is. From research, this is usually not true. Ignoring the seven principles above would be foolish in the business world. How to cite A Manager’s Performance and Success, Essay examples

The Speech of the Corinthians an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Speech of the Corinthians by Expert Sweet-Cathy | 29 Nov 2016 The Speech of the Corinthians and the Speech of the Athenians The Debate at Sparta elucidates the reasons and motivations that precipitated the Peloponnesian War (Woodruff 29). While the speeches of the representative of the main contending forces both have the same end the pursuit of their respective interests their arguments and the manner by which they expressed them to persuade their listeners interestingly differs. Need essay sample on "The Speech of the Corinthians" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Frequently Tell Us: Who wants to write paper for me? Essay writers suggest: Get Your Essay Before The Deadline The main thesis of the Corinthian speech is that engaging in war against Athens is both essential and urgent for the simple reason that the Athenians intend to dominate the Greek world. And its main argument is that "the Athenians encroached upon their neighbors little by little" (Woodruff18) evidenced by the fact that "they have subjugated some of us", "have taken Corcyra from us by force" and "besieged Potidaea" (Woodruff 18). Footnote 60 by P. Woodruff, 1993 indicating the strategic importance of Potidaea in northern Greece suggests Athenian's intention as alleged by the Corinthian. The Athenians' fundamental assertion, on the other hand, is that engaging in war against them would be a bad decision, which should be avoided. They argued that in the war against the Persians "we took risks to achieve benefits that partly went to you" even "when no one came to help us" and that "we are not being unreasonable in holding on to our possessions" (Woodruff 21) since "we did not take the empire by violence; it was the allies who came and begged us to take command" (Woodruff 22).And to further deter them from waging war against them they boldly asserted,"we are a city to be reckoned with" (Woodruff 21) and recounted how their "zeal and intelligent strategy during the Persian Wars"(Woodruff 22) consolidated the Greek victory over them even when the Spartans withdrew from the war. As a fundamental strategy for setting the tone of their persuasion, both the Corinthians and the Athenians approached the debate by juxtaposing themselves with the Lacedaemonians.The Corinthians, however, highlighted their difference with the Lacedaemonians in regard to their respective attitude towards Athenian adventurism; and pointed out that whereas they have the worst complaint against the Athenians to the point of advocating war against them, the Lacedaemonians have conversely remained indifferent and procrastinated in taking any action. Furthermore, the Corinthians projected an accusatory attitude towards the Lacedaemonians and challenged them to make up for their procrastination by taking immediate and decisive action. On the other hand, the Athenians set the tone for their persuasion by aligning with the Lacedaemonians' penchant for peace and enticing them towards the arena of right reason and common inclination to rule. And they further bolstered the need for restraint in "making bad decision on important matters" (Woodruff 21) by boldly asserting, "we are a city to be reckoned with" (Woodruff 21). With regard to their persuasion strategies, both the Corinthians and the Athenians reviewed the past in the light of the needs of their then current situation and used it to justify the actions they are advocating. The Corinthians, however, focused on the more recent past as a basis of their incitement for war and to advance with more precision their argument for forced change, whereas the Athenians appealed to the more distant past and used it as a more comprehensive justification for maintaining the status quo. In implementing their persuasive strategy, the Corinthians commenced withgiving in advance the balm for the wounds their stinging barbs of arguments would inflict to the Lacedaemonians through acknowledging and respecting their confidence in their own government and society and their culture of self-control,which can be qualified as "prudence", "moderation" and "clear-headedness" (Woodruff17) all positive and admirable qualities.And then they launched into series of accusation by recounting their failures of the recent past: completely ignoring their guidance, neglecting them when attacked by the Athenians and the less recent past: allowing the Athenians to consolidate their power. And for all these the Corinthians audaciously lay the blame and responsibility to the Lacedaemonians. And the prime weakness that the Corinthians took issue against them was their procrastination both in the conflict among Greeks and in their conflict with the Persians.And to drive the final nail to the c offin of Lacedaemonians' perceived ascendancy over them they denied them credit for the victory over the Persians by attributing the victory to the Persian's blunder more than to any help from them. This strategy is meant to lay the rationale as well the moral foundation for forcing them to take the opposite action of their repeated procrastinations and that is, to take decisive action by"immediately attacking Attica" (Woodruff 20). The second persuasive strategy taken by the Corinthians is to put up another balm for the wounds they have just inflicted. This balm is the affirmation of their friendship and then unmasking to the Lacedaemonians, whom they judge as "ignorant in foreign affairs" (Woodruff 17), the nature of the true enemy the Athenians. And by showing how different and unmatched the conquering and aggrandizing character of Athenians with the Lacedaemonians' sense of fairness and justice, they drove the point that peaceful means, particularly the respect for treaty, will not deter the Athenian expeditionary and conquering nature and implied that this should be their primary premise for waging war against them. The persuasive strategy of the Athenians hinged on the moral and rational justification for holding on to the empire. In calling to mind the Persian Wars, the Athenians' primary contention is that they "took risks to achieve benefits" (Woodruff 21) that are partly shared by the rest of the Greek world and equally by the Lacedaemonians. They said "our action did you at least as much good as it did us" (Woodruff 22). In effect it is saying that without the victory against the Persians, they would be in a far worse situation than what they complained of at that moment.And to pierce more deeply this justification to the heart and consciousness of their audience, the Athenians brought to the forefront the essential elements of their valor, sacrificial actions, brilliant gambit and intelligent leadership that sealed the victory for the Greeks.This served as the foundation for the second level of moral justification for their keeping the empire: it is a gift from the allies as a reward for taking the helm of leadership and achieving victory for the rest of the Greek world. The second persuasive strategy of the Athenians is to justify their holding on to the empire by appeal to shared human motives and propensities and common philosophy of power. They openly acknowledged that they were compelled to develop the empire out of fear, ambition and self interest, contending that their pro-active self-defense was instigated by the behavior of the rebel state that the Corinthians supported. And they moved the arena of contention from the right of those who are ruled to the right of those who rule; an arena where the Lacedaemonians are themselves vulnerable. And from hereon the Athenians shifted the argument towards similarity of their actions and inclinations, not only with human nature but with Lacedaemonians' practice, habit and inclination as well. And through all of these the Athenians downplayed their strong handedness and insisted that the Lacedaemonians would not have been more lenient than them.They supported this contention with what they claim as a ph ilosophy of power, which by practice is shared by the Lacedaemonians themselves. "It has been established that the weaker are held down by the stronger" (Woodruff 23) and "those who have the power to use force . . . have no need at all to go to law" (Woodruff 24). All these array of arguments played upon their audience's cultural character of self-control and sense of justice; the latter, though, applied in a more restricted manner to their common practice as rulers. How did their audience respond? The majority was persuaded that the Athenians have committed injustice and that it is justified to go to war immediately. However, their king, Archidamus, warned that war is not an enviable option; but when compelled to engage with, it required intelligent planning and adequate preparation. Despite the tight arguments of the Athenians, which appealed to the likes of King Archidamus, "who had a reputation for intelligence and prudence" (Woodruff 25) the Lacedaemonians were more persuaded by the Corinthian's argument of the Athenians' threat of domination. The Athenians argued to their defeat by offering nothing new by way of relief but simply justifying themselves, calling for sobriety and appealing to the treaty which the Lacedaemonians perceived have already been broken by them, having deprived member states of their autonomy(Dunkle, "The Peloponnesian War," Par. 12). Analysis of the speech and their consequences affirmed what has been commented upon that "Speeches in Thucydides rarely affect action ..." (Woodruff 82). The same motives fear, ambition and own advantage - which the Athenians advanced to justify their behavior were the same motives that moved their listener to ignore their appeal for prudence and reason and to opt for war against them. How true then are their statements which the Lacedaemonians took to heart and which the Corinthians demonstrated with crystal clarity and force enough to drive their listeners to clamor for decisive and immediate action. No matter what the strategies adopted by the two speakers, their success and failure pivoted on how they handled the basic emotion of fear which according to Woodruff is "Thucydides' favorite explanation for violence and injustice (22). Works Cited Dunkle, Roger. "The Peloponnesian War."Classics Technology Center. 1998-2000. Able Media 28. November 2008 Woodruff, Paul, Ed. On Justice, Power, and Human Nature: Selections from History of the Peloponnesian War. Hackett Publishing Company Inc, 1993